Every particle has a corresponding antiparticle. An antiparticle is a subatomic particle which has the same mass and rest energy, and the opposite charge as the corresponding particle. Some common antiparticles are given with their corresponding particle in the diagram. The rest energy in MeV of neutrons and antineutrons is 938.3, of protons and antiprotons is 939.6, of electrons and positrons is 0.51 and of neutrinos and antineutrinos is 0.

The Photon model states that electromagnetic radiation is released in energy packets at discrete energy values called photos. The energy of a photon can be calculated using the following equation: Energy = hf = hc/λ, where h is the Planck constant 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ Js, f is the frequency, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and λ is the wavelength.

Atoms will radioactively decay through the weak interaction, which occurs through the exchange particle of W bosons, which come in the forms of W⁻ and W⁺ bosons. β⁻ and β⁺ decay occurs through the weak interaction. In β⁻ decay, a neutron will decay into a proton, an electron and an anti-electron neutrino through the W⁻ boson as the exchange particle. In β⁺ decay, a proton will decay into a neutron, a positron and an electron neutrino through the W⁺ boson as the exchange particle. Two more examples of the weak interaction are electron capture and electron-proton collisions. Electron capture occurs when a proton absorbs an electron and releases a neutron and an electron neutrino through the W⁺ boson exchange particle. Electron-proton collisions also result in the same products of a neutron and an electron neutrino through the W⁻ boson exchange particle.

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Two examples of weak interactions are β⁺ decay and electron capture.

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Using E = hc/λ, 1 × 10⁻¹⁹ J = (6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ Js × 3 × 10⁸ m/s)/λ, therefore λ = 1.989 × 10⁻⁶ m.

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When an electron and a proton collide, they will produce a neutron and an electron neutrino through the W⁻ boson exchange particle.

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Using E = hf, 9 × 10⁻¹⁷ J = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ Js × f, therefore f = 1.36 × 10¹⁷ Hz (to 3 significant figures).