2D vectors are added by adding their corresponding coordinates or by connecting them “head to toe”.

To subtract 2D vectors, reverse the direction of the vector that is subtracted or subtract corresponding coordinates.

Two vectors can be multiplied by using a dot product, which can be obtained by multiplying corresponding coordinates and adding the results up. Alternatively, cosine value of an angle between the vectors may be used.

The magnitude of a 2D vector is found using Pythagoras' theorem for a right angle triangle, given by M = √(a² + b²).

If vectors are multiples of each other, they are parallel to each other.